Variables associated with concordance or discordance for delirium diagnosis between referring and consulting physicians at a Tertiary Hospital in Colombia: Prospective observational study.

Delirium is an acute state of impaired consciousness and a medical urgency. Its broad range of alterations in mental status make diagnosis challenging. Awareness and accurate provisional diagnosis by nonpsychiatric clinicians are important for prompt management. Because delirium symptoms overlap and mimic other neuropsychiatric conditions, a referral to a consultant psychiatrist is often needed. The aim of this study was to determine the discriminating variables that are associated with concordance or discordance for a DSM-5 delirium diagnosis made by the consultation/liaison (C/L) psychiatrist as compared to the referral diagnosis/reasons given by the referring physicians for inpatients from a Tertiary Hospital in a Latin-American country. Prospective study of a cohort of 399 consecutive patients admitted to any ward of a university hospital in Medellin-Colombia and referred by a specialist physician to the C/L Psychiatry service. Analyses for diagnostic concordance used a nested sample of 140 cases diagnosed with delirium by the psychiatrist. Two multivariate logistic models were run, for delirium diagnosis concordance and discordance between the referring physician and C/L psychiatrist. The referral diagnosis was concordant with that of Psychiatry in 90/140 patients in 64.3%, with 35.7% discordance. Increasing age (OR = 1.024) and internal medicine ward (OR = 3.0) were significantly related (Wald statistic P < .05) to concordance in the multivariate analysis whose model accuracy was 68.6%. Trauma/orthopedics ward (OR = 5.7) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 3.8) were important contributors to the model fit though not significant. Accuracy of the discordance model was 70.7%, where central nervous system (CNS) disorder (OR = 6.1) and referrals from ICU (OR = 4.9), surgery (OR = 4.6), neurology/neurosurgery (OR = 5.1) and another consultant (OR = 4.7) were significantly related (Wald statistic P < .05), while metabolic/endocrine disorder (OR = 2.7) was important for model fit, but not significant. Concordance for delirium diagnosis was higher from services where education, guidelines and working relationships with C/L Psychiatry could have contributed beneficially whereas, surprisingly, CNS disorders and neurology/neurosurgery services had higher discordance, as well as the ICU. Routine use of brief sensitive delirium assessment tools such as the DDT-Pro could enhance provisional delirium diagnosis.

Inflammatory Markers in the Staging of Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature / Marcadores inflamatorios en la estadificación del trastorno bipolar: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies suggest that inflammatory molecules play an important role in the pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder (BD). The evidence suggests that BD may present a progressive course. Therefore there are theories that postulate the relationship between progression and stages of the disease with distinct peripheral biomarkers. Objective: The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature of studies about the association between peripheral inflammatory markers and clinical variables related with staging in BD patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using electronic databases: PubMed, SciELO, LiLACS and PsycINFO. Keywords were divided into inflammatory markers and, BD and staging. Studies involving euthymic BD patients, studies evaluating peripheral biomarkers and studies correlating these with clinical variables related to neuroprogression or stage of BD were included. Results: We present and discuss the methods and findings of ten articles. The inflammatory markers were measured with different techniques and show some contradictories results. The TNF superfamily and inflammatory cytokines may have a relationship with the neuroprogression of the disease. Conclusions: This study suggests that TNF and ILs could play a role in neuroprogression. However, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between factors associated with neuroprogression.

RESUMEN Introducción: Estudios previos indican que las moléculas inflamatorias tienen un papel importante en la fisiopatología del trastorno bipolar (TB). La evidencia apunta a que el TB puede presentar un curso progresivo. Por lo tanto, existen teorías que han postulado una relación entre la progresión y los estadios de la enfermedad con diferentes biomarcadores Revisión sistemática periféricos. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura de los estudios sobre la asociación entre los marcadores inflamatorios periféricos y las variables clínicas relacionadas con la estadificación en los pacientes con TB. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática usando las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, SciELO, LiLACS y PsycINFO. Las palabras clave se dividieron en marcadores inflamatorios y TB y estadificación. Se incluyeron estudios que evaluaron a pacientes con TB en fase de eutimia, estudios que evaluaron biomarcadores periféricos y estudios que correlacionaron dichos marcadores con las variables clínicas relacionadas con la neuroprogresión o estadificación del TB. Resultados: Se presentan y se discuten los métodos y los hallazgos de 10 artículos. Los marcadores inflamatorios se determinaron con diferentes técnicas y mostraron resultados contradictorios. La super familia del factor de necrosis tumoral y las citocinas inflamatorias podrían tener una relación con la neuroprogresión de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: El presente estudio indica que el factor de necrosis tumoral y las intereucinas pueden tener un papel en la neuroprogresión del TB. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios longitudinales con el fin de clarificar la relación entre los factores asociados con la neuro-progresión.

Inflammatory Markers in the Staging of Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that inflammatory molecules play an important role in the pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder (BD). The evidence suggests that BD may present a progressive course. Therefore there are theories that postulate the relationship between progression and stages of the disease with distinct peripheral biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature of studies about the association between peripheral inflammatory markers and clinical variables related with staging in BD patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using electronic databases: PubMed, SciELO, LiLACS and PsycINFO. Keywords were divided into inflammatory markers and, BD and staging. Studies involving euthymic BD patients, studies evaluating peripheral biomarkers and studies correlating these with clinical variables related to neuroprogression or stage of BD were included. RESULTS: We present and discuss the methods and findings of ten articles. The inflammatory markers were measured with different techniques and show some contradictories results. The TNF superfamily and inflammatory cytokines may have a relationship with the neuroprogression of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that TNF and ILs could play a role in neuroprogression. However, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between factors associated with neuroprogression.

Evaluación e intervención socio-ocupacional en pacientes con TAB y esquizofrenia, dentro del programa de intervención multimodal PRISMA / Evaluation and Socio-occupational Intervention in Bipolar and Schizophrenic Patients within a Multimodal Intervention Program-PRISMA

RESUMEN Introducción: La mejoría en la funcionalidad de los pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar y esquizofrenia es una de las principales metas en el tratamiento. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia del efecto de la intervención socio-ocupacional dentro de una intervención multimodal (IM). Objetivo: Describir el perfil socio-ocupacional y evaluar el efecto de un programa de IM en sujetos con trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I y esquizofrenia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo y terapéutico-comparativo con 302 pacientes (104 con esquizofrenia y 198 con trastorno afectivo bipolar), asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de IM (psiquiatría, psicología, medicina, terapia ocupacional, neuropsicología y terapia de familia) o intervención tradicional (IT) (sólo medicina y psiquiatría). Se aplicaron instrumentos que midieron: asertividad, manejo del tiempo libre, habilidades sociales, ansiedad general, autocuidado y desempeño en tareas del hogar, trabajo y comunidad. Resultados: Se identificó que la IM fue más efectiva que la IT en las puntuaciones de ansiedad general (p = 0,026) y participación en las tareas del hogar (p = 0,03) para los pacientes con esquizofrenia. En los pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En las otras variables hubo mejoría durante el seguimiento, pero el efecto se observó en ambos grupos de tratamiento. Conclusiones: El presente estudio identificó mejoría en la funcionalidad dentro del hogar en los pacientes con esquizofrenia después de recibir una IM; también se encontró mejora en otras variables, independientemente del tipo de tratamiento. Se deberá realizar futuros estudios con programas de mayor duración y otras estrategias más ecológicas con el fin de aclarar las dudas sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones.

ABSTRACT Background: Functional improvement in bipolar and schizophrenic patients is one of the main aims of treatment. Nevertheless, there is no evidence about the effect of socio-occupational intervention within a multimodal intervention (MI) programme. Objective: To describe the socio-occupational profile and to evaluate the functional effect of a MI in bipolar I and schizophrenic patients. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was performed including 302 subjects (104 schizophrenic and 198 Bipolar Disorder I [BDI] patients), who were randomised into two groups, multimodal (psychiatry, psychology, medicine, occupational therapy, neuropsychology, and family therapy), or traditional intervention (psychiatry and medicine only). Several scales were applied to assess assertiveness, free time management, social abilities, general anxiety, self-care and performance in home, work and community tasks. Results: After performing the longitudinal analysis, it was shown that the multimodal intervention was more effective than traditional intervention in general anxiety scores (P=.026) and development in home tasks (P=.03) in schizophrenic patients. No statistical differences were found in bipolar patients. The other variables showed improvement, however, their effect was similar in both intervention groups. Conclusions: Our study identified functional improvement in home tasks in schizophrenic patients after receiving multimodal intervention. Other variables also showed improvement for both interventions groups. Future studies, applying longer rehabilitation programs and other ecological strategies should be performed to identify the most effective interventions.

Evaluation and Socio-occupational Intervention in Bipolar and Schizophrenic Patients within a Multimodal Intervention Program- PRISMA. / Evaluación e intervención socioocupacional en pacientes con TAB y esquizofrenia, dentro del programa de intervención multimodal PRISMA.

BACKGROUND: Functional improvement in bipolar and schizophrenic patients is one of the main aims of treatment. Nevertheless, there is no evidence about the effect of socio-occupational intervention within a multimodal intervention (MI) programme. OBJECTIVE: To describe the socio-occupational profile and to evaluate the functional effect of a MI in bipolar I and schizophrenic patients. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was performed including 302 subjects (104 schizophrenic and 198 Bipolar Disorder I [BDI] patients), who were randomised into two groups, multimodal (psychiatry, psychology, medicine, occupational therapy, neuropsychology, and family therapy), or traditional intervention (psychiatry and medicine only). Several scales were applied to assess assertiveness, free time management, social abilities, general anxiety, self-care and performance in home, work and community tasks. RESULTS: After performing the longitudinal analysis, it was shown that the multimodal intervention was more effective than traditional intervention in general anxiety scores (P=.026) and development in home tasks (P=.03) in schizophrenic patients. No statistical differences were found in bipolar patients. The other variables showed improvement, however, their effect was similar in both intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified functional improvement in home tasks in schizophrenic patients after receiving multimodal intervention. Other variables also showed improvement for both interventions groups. Future studies, applying longer rehabilitation programs and other ecological strategies should be performed to identify the most effective interventions.

Impact of a multimodal intervention on the psychological profile of schizophrenic and bipolar I patients: A study of PRISMA programme / Efecto de una intervención multimodal en el perfil psicológico de pacientes con Esquizofrenia y TAB tipo I: Estudio del Programa PRISMA

Abstract Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia are included in the group of severe mental illness and are main causes of disability and morbidity in the local population due to the bio-psycho-social implications in patients. In the last 20 years or so, adjunctive psychological interventions been studied with the purpose of decreasing recurrences, stablishing the course of the disease, and improving the functionality in these patients. Objective: To analyse the psychological effect of a multimodal intervention (MI) vs a traditional intervention (TI) programme in BD I and schizophrenic patients. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was conducted with 302 patients (104 schizophrenic and 198 bipolar patients) who were randomly assigned to the MI or TI groups of a multimodal intervention programme PRISMA. The MI group received care from psychiatry, general medicine, neuropsychology, family therapy, and occupational therapy. The TI group received care from psychiatry and general medicine. The Hamilton and Young scales, and the Scales for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Positive Symptoms (SAPS) were used on bipolar and schizophrenic patients, respectively. The scales AQ-12, TEMPS-A, FAST, Zuckerman sensation seeking scale, BIS-11, SAI-E and EEAG were applied to measure the psychological variables. The scales were performed before and after the interventions. The psychotherapy used in this study was cognitive behavioural therapy. Results: There were statistically significant differences in socio-demographic and clinical variables in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder group. There were no statistically significant differences in the psychological scales after conducting a multivariate analysis between the intervention groups and for both times (initial and final). Conclusion: This study did not show any changes in variables of psychological functioning variables between bipolar and schizophrenic groups, who were subjected to TI vs MI (who received cognitive behavioural therapy). Further studies are needed with other psychological interventions or other psychometric scales.

Resumen Introducción: El Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar (TAB) y la Esquizofrenia están incluidos dentro de las enfermedades mentales severas y hacen parte de las primeras causas de discapacidad y morbilidad en la población local debido al compromiso biopsicosocial en los pacientes. En las últimas décadas se han estudiado intervenciones psicológicas adjuntas con el fin de prevenir recurrencias, estabilizar el curso de la enfermedad o mejorar la funcionalidad de los pacientes con dichas patologías. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto psicológico de un programa de intervención multimodal (IM) vs la intervención tradicional en sujetos con TAB I y esquizofrenia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, terapéutico-comparativo, con una muestra de 302 pacientes (104 pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia y 198 pacientes con TAB) que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de IM o IT dentro de un Programa de Salud Mental con énfasis en reducción de la carga, el daño y el gasto social de la enfermedad mental PRISMA. Los pacientes asignados a la IM recibían atención por psiquiatría, medicina general, psicología, neuropsicología, terapia de familia y terapia ocupacional y, los pacientes asignados a IT recibían atención por psiquiatría y medicina general. Las escalas realizadas antes y después de las intervenciones fueron las escalas de Hamilton y Young y, las escalas SANS y SAPS, para pacientes bipolares y esquizofrénicos, respectivamente. Para evaluar las variables psicológicas se aplicaron las escalas AQ-12, TEMPS-A, FAST, Búsqueda de sensaciones de Zuckerman, BIS-11, SAI-E y EEAG. La psicoterapia usada en el componente de psicología fue la terapia cognitivo conductual. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables socio-demográficas y clínicas entre el grupo de pacientes con TAB y esquizofrenia. Luego de hacer un análisis multivariado MANCOVA, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados entre el momento inicial y final en los grupos de pacientes TAB y esquizofrenia en ninguna de las escalas aplicadas. Conclusión: El presente estudio no evidenció un cambio a nivel psicológico en los pacientes con TAB y con esquizofrenia que estuvieron bajo IT vs IT (quienes recibieron terapia cognitivo conductual). Futuros estudios aplicando otras psicoterapias adjuntas y usando otras escalas psicométricas podrían ser considerados.

[Impact of a Multimodal Intervention on the Psychological Profile of Schizophrenic and Bipolar I Patients: A Study of PRISMA Program]. / Efecto de una intervención multimodal en el perfil psicológico de pacientes con Esquizofrenia y TAB tipo I: Estudio del Programa PRISMA.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar Disorder (BD) and schizophrenia are included in the group of severe mental illness and are main causes of disability and morbidity in the local population due to the bio-psycho-social implications in patients. In the last 20 years or so, adjunctive psychological interventions been studied with the purpose of decreasing recurrences, stabilising the course of the disease, and improving the functionality in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychological effect of a multimodal intervention (MI) vs a traditional intervention (TI) program in BD I and schizophrenic patients. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was conducted with 302 patients (104 schizophrenic and 198 bipolar patients) who were randomly assigned to the MI or TI groups of a multimodal intervention program PRISMA. The MI group received care from psychiatry, general medicine, neuropsychology, family therapy, and occupational therapy. The TI group received care from psychiatry and general medicine. The Hamilton and Young scales, and the Scales for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Postive Symptoms (SAPS) were used on bipolar and schizophrenic patients, respectively. The scales AQ-12, TEMPS-A, FAST, Zuckerman sensation seeking scale, BIS-11, SAI-E and EEAG were applied to measure the psychological variables. The scales were performed before and after the interventions. The psychotherapy used in this study was cognitive behavioural therapy. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in socio-demographic and clinical variables in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder group. There were no statistically significant differences in the psychological scales after conducting a multivariate analysis between the intervention groups and for both times (initial and final). CONCLUSION: This study did not show any changes in variables of psychological functioning variables between bipolar and schizophrenic groups, who were subjected to TI vs MI (who received cognitive behavioural therapy). Further studies are needed with other psychological interventions or other psychometric scales.

Expressed emotions, burden and family functioning in schizophrenic and bipolar I patients of a multimodal intervention programme: PRISMA / Emociones expresadas, carga y funcionamiento familiar de pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I de un programa de intervención multimodal: PRISMA

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are causes of major suffering in patients. Nevertheless, they also affect family and caregiver functioning. This is important because the participation and involvement of families and caregivers is essential to achieve an optimal treatment. Objective: To describe the level of expressed emotions, burden, and family functioning of bipolar and schizophrenic patients and, to evaluate the efficacy of the multimodal inter vention (MI) versus traditional intervention (TI) in family functioning and its perception by patients and caregivers. Material and methods: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was con ducted with 302 patients (104 schizophrenic and 198 bipolar patients) who were randomly assigned to a MI or TI groups of a multimodal intervention programme PRISMA. MI group received care from psychiatry, general medicine, neuropsychology, family therapy, and occu pational therapy. TI group received care from psychiatry and general medicine. Hamilton, Young and SANS, SAPS scales were applied to bipolar and schizophrenic patients, respec tively. The EEAG, FEICS, FACES III and ECF were also applied at the initial and final time. Results: There were statistically significant differences in socio-demographic and clinical variables in schizophrenia vs bipolar group: 83% vs 32.2% were male, 37 vs 43 mean age, 96% vs 59% were single, 50% vs 20% unemployed, and 20% vs 40% had college studies. In addition, 2 vs 2.5 numbers of hospitalisations, 18 vs 16 mean age of substance abuse onset and, 55 vs 80 points in EEAG. There were no statistically significant differences in family scales after conducting a multivariate analysis on the initial and final time in both groups. Conclusions: This study did not show changes in variables of burden and family functioning between bipolar and schizophrenic groups that were under TI vs MI.

RESUMEN Introducción: El trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) y la esquizofrenia son causas importantes de sufrimiento para los pacientes y sus familias, pues se afectan su funcionamiento y su dinámica normal. Esto es importante, ya que la implicación de la familia es esencial para un tratamiento óptimo del paciente. Objetivo: Describir el nivel de emociones expresadas, la carga y el funcionamiento de las familias de los pacientes bipolares y esquizofrénicos y evaluar la eficacia de la intervención multimodal (IM) en comparación con la intervención tradicional (IT) en el funcionamiento familiar y en la percepción que de este tienen el paciente y sus cuidadores. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, terapéutico-comparativo, con una muestra de 302 pacientes (104 con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia y 198 con TAB) aleatorizados a un grupo de IM y otro de IT dentro de un programa de salud mental con énfasis en reducción de la carga, el daño y el gasto social de la enfermedad mental (PRISMA). Los pacientes asignados a la IM recibían atención por psiquiatría, medicina general, neuropsicología, terapia de familia y terapia ocupacional, y los pacientes asignados a IT recibían atención por psiquiatría y medicina general. Las escalas realizadas al inicio y al final de las intervenciones fueron las de Hamilton y Young, SANS y SAPS, para pacientes bipolares y esquizofrénicos respectivamente. A ambos grupos se aplicaron las escalas EEAG, FEICS, FACES III y ECF. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas entre los grupos de pacientes con TAB y con esquizofrenia. Tras hacer un análisis multivariable MANCOVA, no se observaron diferencias estadística mente significativas en los resultados entre los momentos inicial y final en los grupos de pacientes con TAB y con esquizofrenia según las escalas FEICS, FACES III y ECF. Conclusiones: Este estudio no evidencia un cambio en la carga y el funcionamiento familiar entre los grupos sometidos a IM y a IT de pacientes bipolares y esquizofrénicos.

[Expressed Emotions, Burden and Family Functioning in Schizophrenic and Bipolar I Patients of a Multimodal Intervention Program: PRISMA]. / Emociones expresadas, carga y funcionamiento familiar de pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I de un programa de intervención multimodal: PRISMA.

INTRODUCTION: Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are causes of major suffering in patients. Nevertheless, they also affect family and caregiver functioning. This is important because the participation and involvement of families and caregivers is essential to achieve an optimal treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe the level of expressed emotions, burden, and family functioning of bipolar and schizophrenic patients and, to evaluate the efficacy of the multimodal intervention (MI) versus traditional intervention (TI) in family functioning and its perception by patients and caregivers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was conducted with 302 patients (104 schizophrenic and 198 bipolar patients) who were randomly assigned to a MI or TI groups of a multimodal intervention program PRISMA. MI group received care from psychiatry, general medicine, neuropsychology, family therapy, and occupational therapy. TI group received care from psychiatry and general medicine. Hamilton, Young and SANS, SAPS scales were applied to bipolar and schizophrenic patients, respectively. The EEAG, FEICS, FACES III and ECF were also applied at the initial and final time. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in socio- demographic and clinical variables in schizophrenia vs bipolar group: 83% vs 32.2% were male, 37 vs 43 mean age, 96% vs 59% were single, 50% vs 20% unemployed, and 20% vs 40% had college studies. In addition, 2 vs 2.5 numbers of hospitalisations, 18 vs 16 mean age of substance abuse onset and, 55 vs 80 points in EEAG. There were no statistically significant differences in family scales after conducting a multivariate analysis on thr initial and final time in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not show changes in variables of burden and family functioning between bipolar and schizophrenic groups that were under TI vs MI.